质量缩放指的是通过增加非物理的质量到结构上从而获得大的显式时间步的技术。
在一个动态分析中,任何时候增加非物理的质量来增大时间步将会影响计算结果(因为 F =ma)。有时候这种影响不明显,在这种情况下增加非物理的质量是无可非议的。比如额外的质量只增加到不是关键区域的很少的小单元上或者准静态的分析(速度很小,动能相对峰值内能非常小)。总的来说,是由分析者来判断质量缩放的影响。你可能有必要做另一个减小或消除了质量缩放的分析来估计质量增加对结果的灵敏度。
Anytime you add nonphysical mass to increase the timestep in a dynamic analysis, you affect the results (think of F = ma). Sometimes the effect is insignificant and in those cases adding nonphysical mass is justifiable. Examples of such cases may include the addition of mass to just a few small elements in a noncritical area or Quasi-Static simulations where the velocity is low and the kinetic energy is very small relative to the peak internal energy. In the end, it’s up to the judgement of the analyst to gage the affect of mass scaling. You may have to reduce or eliminate Mass Scaling in a second run to gage the sensitivity of the results to the amount of mass added.
你可以通过人工有选择的增加一个部件的材料密度来实现质量缩放。这种手动质量缩放的方法是独立于通过设置 *Control_timestep 卡 DT2MS 项来实现的自动质量缩放。
One can employ Mass Scaling in a selective manner by artificially increasing material density of the parts you want to mass-scale. This manual form of mass scaling is done independently of the automatic Mass Scaling invoked with DT2MS in *control_timestep.
当 DT2MS 设置为一个负值时,质量只是增加到时间步小于 TSSFAC*|DT2MS| 的单元上。通过增加这些单元的质量,它们的时间达到 TSSFAC*|DT2MS|。有无数种 TSSFAC 和 DT2MS 的组合可以得到同样的乘积,因而有相同的时间步,但是对于每一种组合增加的质量将是不一样的。一般的趋势是 TSSFAC 越小,增加的质量越多。作为回报,当 TSSFAC 减小时计算稳定性增加(就像在没有做质量缩放的求解中一样)。如果 TSSFAC 缺省的值 0.9 会导致稳定性问题,可以试试 0.8 或者 0.7。如果你减小 TSSFAC,你可以相应增加 |DT2MS|,这样还是可以保证时间步乘积不变。
When DT2MS is input as a negative value, mass is added only to those elements whose timestep would otherwise be less than TSSFAC * |DT2MS|. By adding mass to these elements, their timestep becomes equal to TSSFAC * |DT2MS|. An infinite number of combinations of TSSF and DT2MS will give the same product and thus the same timestep but the added mass will be different for each of those combinations. The trend is that the smaller the TSSF, the greater the added mass. In return, stability may improve as TSSF is reduced (just as in non-mass-scaled solutions). If stability is a problem with the default TSSF of 0.9, try 0.8 or 0.7. If you reduce TSSF, you can increase |DT2MS| proportionally so that the product/timestep is unchanged.
为了确定什么时候和位置质量自动增加了,可以输出 GLSTAT 和 MATSUM 文件。这些文件允许你绘出完整的模型或者单独部件所增加的质量对时间的曲线。为了得到由壳单元组成的部件增加的质量云图,将 *database_extent_binary 卡的 STSSZ 项设置为 3。这样你可以用 LS-Prepost 绘出每个单元的质量增加量的云图,具体方法是通过选择 Fcomp>Misc>time step size。
To determine where and when mass is automatically added, write GLSTAT and MATSUM files. These files will allow you to plot added mass vs. time for the complete model and for individual parts, respectively. To produce fringe plots of added mass in parts comprised of shell elements (DT2MS negative), set STSSZ=3 in *database_extent_binary. You can then fringe the added mass (per element) using LS-POST by choosing Fcomp > Misc > time step size. (Here, the label“time step size”is really the element added mass.)
在 *control_timestep 中设置 DT2MS 正值和负值的不同之处如下:
负值:初始时间步将不会小于 TSSFAC*-DT2MS。质量只是增加到时间步小于 TSSFAC*|DT2MS| 的单元上。当质量缩放可接受时,推荐用这种方法。用这种方法时质量增量是有限的。过多的增加质量会导致计算任务终止。
正值:初始时间将不会小于 DT2MS。单元质量会增加或者减小以保证每一个单元的时间步都一样。这种方法尽管不会因为过多增加质量而导致计算终止,但更难以作出合理的解释。
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